Controversy over an Amy Sherald painting of the Statue of Liberty reveals divides over US national symbols, joining debates that have centred on the statue since it was first unveiled.
So fixed is our focus on the radiant points of her spiky crown and the upward thrust of her flickering lamp, it is easy to miss altogether the shackles of human enslavement that Lady Liberty – who is at the centre of a fresh skirmish in the US's accelerating culture wars – is busy trampling underfoot. Her meaning contains multitudes. It pulls her in many directions.
Messily inspired, as all great art is, by a mixture of sources – from the Roman goddess Libertas, to the Greek sun god Helios, to the multifaceted Egyptian goddess Isis (who fascinated the sculpture's creator, the French artist Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi) – the Statue of Liberty seems hardwired for debate. She boldly embodies the one straightforward truth about cultural symbols: their truths are never straightforward.
From the moment the statue was unveiled in October 1886, it provoked criticism from both ends of the political spectrum
The current controversy over the essence of Bartholdi's 46m (151ft)-tall copper sculpture, ingeniously engineered by Gustave Eiffel and formally presented to the United States as a gift from France on 4 July 1884, is a striking painting by African American contemporary artist Amy Sherald that reimagines the Statue of Liberty as a black transgender woman.
Earlier this month, Sherald, best known until now for her 2018 official portrait of First Lady Michelle Obama, was advised that her work, Trans Forming Liberty, might upset US President Donald Trump – who in January issued an Executive Order recognising two sexes only – male and female – and therefore should not be included in her upcoming exhibition at the federally funded Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery in Washington, DC. Rather than contemplate removing the work, Sherald decided to cancel the show altogether, citing "a culture of censorship".
The Whitney Museum
The contested work is currently on display at New York's Whitney Museum as part of Sherald's touring exhibition American Sublime and is characteristic of the artist's instinct to dislocate her subjects and unsettle expectations. Sherald often achieves this, as she does both in her portrait of Obama and in Trans Forming Liberty, by translating her subjects' complexions into an uncanny greyscale (or "grisaille"), nudging viewers to look past skin colour and reassess their assumptions about what constitutes race. The model for Sherald's work, Arewà Basit, a black artist who identifies as non-binary trans-femme, is portrayed against a flat, periwinkle background, hand on hips, wearing a vibrant ultramarine gown that recalls the otherworldly resplendence of Renaissance Madonnas, and neon fuschia hair.
The torch she lifts has been supplanted by a clutch of humble Gerbera daisies, traditionally a symbol of joy and hope – a subtle subversion that faintly calls to mind the disarming weapon wielded by Banksy's Flower Thrower, who too is powerful in his powerlessness. Of the intended potency of her own work, Sherald has explained that her painting "exists to hold space for someone whose humanity has been politicised and disregarded" – a sentiment that arguably rhymes with the hospitable spirit of the statue itself, which is famously affixed with a sonnet by Emma Lazarus, summoning "homeless, tempest-tossed" "masses yearning to breathe free".
A polarising symbol
That synchronicity, however, may be both the painting's profoundest allure and deepest liability. From the moment the statue was unveiled in October 1886, it provoked criticism from both ends of the political spectrum. Suffragettes insisted the sculpture's depiction of a woman embodying liberty was too ironic to be taken seriously when women themselves were denied the right to vote. At the same time, conservatives objected to any incitement of migrants to flock to the US – those "huddled masses" the sculpture silently summons. By recasting Lady Liberty as a totem of unfulfilled promise, Sherald's work aims to send a tremor down the fault-line of the American conscience.